1.1. Definitions

A foundation is defined as that part of the structure that supports the weight of the superstructure and
transmits the load to underlying soil or rock.

In general, foundation engineering applies the knowledge of

• geology
• soil mechanics
• rock mechanics
• and structural engineering 

to the design and construction of foundations for buildings and other structures.

In terms of geotechnical aspects, foundation engineering often includes the following:

• Determining the type of foundation for the structure, including the depth and dimensions

Spread footings

• Calculating the potential settlement of the foundation

Differential settlement of foundation

• Determining design parameters for the foundation, such as the bearing capacity and allowable soil bearing pressure

Terzaghi bearing capacity model

• Determining the expansion potential of a site

Expansive Soil

• Investigating the stability of slopes and their effect on adjacent foundations

Stability of slope

• Investigating the possibility of foundation movement due to seismic forces, which would also include the possibility of liquefaction

Soil liquefaction in Japan

• Performing studies and tests to determine the potential for deterioration of the foundation
• Evaluating possible soil treatment to increase the foundation bearing capacity

Soil Cement stabilization method

• Determining design parameters for retaining wall foundations

Retaining wall foundation design

• Providing recommendations for dewatering and drainage of excavations needed for the construction of the foundation

Foundation drain

• Investigating groundwater and seepage problems and developing mitigation measures during foundation construction
• Site preparation, including compaction specifications and density testing during grading

Soil compactor

compaction test

• Underpinning and field testing of foundations

Foundation Engineering construction work